When you have delinquent taxes or certain other types of debt, and you’re owed a tax refund, you may find that the government has taken some or all of it.

The Treasury Offset Program allows the Department of the Treasury to withhold money from tax refunds and Social Security benefits to pay a debt. Sometimes, this is referred to as an administrative offset or simply as an offset. It typically occurs when you owe money to federal or state agencies and haven’t made on-time payments.

If you’re behind on payments to a state or federal agency, the agency will eventually send your name to the Treasury Offset Program (TOP). The Bureau of the Fiscal Service — the agency responsible for issuing tax refunds from the Internal Revenue Service — is authorized by Congress to reduce your refund to help satisfy the debt.

When you file your tax return, the Bureau of the Fiscal Service (BFS) will search the TOP database to see if your taxpayer identification information shows you have outstanding debt.

If there’s no match: You’ll receive your full income tax refund.

If the database shows that you owe money: Some or all of your refund could be withheld.

If your refund is offset, you’ll receive a letter from the BFS that includes:

The amount of the original refund

How much was offset

The agency that will receive the payment

The contact information for that agency

A refund offset is one of several consequences that could result from delinquent payments to the government. Here are some other ways the government gets back its money:

Refund offset: When you file your tax return with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Department of Treasury’s Bureau of Fiscal Service can reduce your tax refund by the amount you owe to satisfy your debt.

Garnishment: The IRS can garnish your wages to satisfy a tax debt. This is also known as a wage levy.

Seizure: The IRS can take the money in your bank account if you’re subject to a tax levy. It can also seize and sell assets like real estate and vehicles through a tax levy or place a tax lien against such assets.

Read more: Here are 7 free tax filing options

Here are some common reasons the IRS could garnish your federal income tax refund:

The IRS can seize your refund if you owe state income tax or federal taxes or if you owe non-tax money to the federal government.

Note: If you can’t pay your taxes and you’re enrolled in an IRS payment plan, the terms of your agreement state that you won’t get a refund until you’ve paid your bill in full. But if you’re making installment payments as agreed, you’ll avoid more severe consequences, like a tax levy.

Your refund can be garnished if you owe money to your state’s unemployment agency. Individual taxpayers could face an offset if they received an overpayment of unemployment benefits due to fraud or failure to report income.

For tax seasons 2020 to 2024, student loan borrowers who were delinquent on payments got a reprieve from tax refund offsets. That’s because the U.S. Department of Education suspended debt collection efforts during the 37 months when all federal student loans were automatically placed in forbearance, and then further delayed collection efforts.

Borrowers are getting another reprieve for the 2025 tax season. The Education Department announced Jan. 16, 2026, that it will again delay refund offsets and wage garnishment for delinquent federal loans. As of late March 2026, the Education Department hasn’t said when these collection efforts will resume.

Translation: When you file your tax return that’s due on April 15, your refund won’t be seized for unpaid student loans.

Once collections resume, though, there are two main ways to get out of default and avoid a refund offset:

Rehabilitating your loan: You enter into an agreement with your loan holder and make a specified number of on-time payments. The first step in the process is contacting your loan holder.

Applying for a Direct Consolidation Loan: This option lets you consolidate multiple federal loans into a single loan with one monthly payment.

Read more: Will I be taxed on student loan forgiveness?

State agencies work with the federal government to submit information to the U.S. Treasury about parents who are behind on child support payments. If you have unpaid child support, your information will usually be submitted to TOP if:

The custodial parent receives public assistance, and you owe more than $150, OR

The custodial parent doesn’t receive public assistance, and you owe more than $500.

Tax refunds that are offset due to unpaid child support are used to repay any money owed to a state child support agency first. Any intercepted funds left over go to the child’s custodial parent.

If you’re married and file a joint tax return, your tax refund could be garnished due to debts your spouse owes. In this situation, you can apply for injured spouse relief through the IRS to receive your portion of the refund, provided you weren’t responsible for the debt. You’ll need to submit IRS Form 8379, Injured Spouse Allocation.

Only the federal government can offset a tax refund, and it will only do so if you owe a state or federal government agency money. Private creditors, like credit card issuers or a bank that gave you a personal loan, can’t garnish a tax refund over delinquent debt. Note that you won’t have your tax refund seized for delinquent private student loans, either.

Even though a creditor can’t garnish your tax refund, there are other serious consequences that can occur if you don’t repay debt, including negative information on your credit report. Creditors can also sue you for money you owe.

Yes. A government agency must notify you in writing at least 60 days before sending the debt to TOP. The letter must include the type of debt and amount owed, the referring agency, and the steps you can take to resolve the matter, including paying the debt, entering into a payment program, or disputing the amount owed.

To dispute an offset, contact the agency listed on the offset notice you receive. You should only contact the IRS if the refund amount on your tax return is different from the amount shown on your offset notice.

If you’re married and file a joint return, the IRS could seize your refund if your spouse owes back taxes, owes money to a government agency, or has past-due child support. If you’re not responsible for the debt, you can get your half of the joint refund you were otherwise owed if you file Form 8379.

You can contact the IRS to request an Offset Bypass Refund, which gives the IRS the discretion in some circumstances to hold off on reducing your refund. You’ll need to show proof that you’re experiencing financial hardship. If the IRS doesn’t process your request in a timely manner, you can contact the Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS).

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